Examinations for children and Young Adults.

• Examine for any health abnormality, (often through a dilated pupil).
• Determine refractive status—near-sightedness far-sightedness, or astigmatism.
• Determine depth perception,color vision, and eye-muscle motility.

Discuss treatment options; glasses, contact lenses, or medical/surgical options. Learning related problems
Experts say more than 80% of what your child is taught in school is presented to them visually. To make sure your child has the visual skills they need for school, the first step is to make sure your child has 20/20 eyesight and that any nearsightedness, farsightedness and/or astigmatism is fully corrected with glasses or contact lenses. However, your child can have "20/20" eyesight and still have vision problems that can affect their learning and classroom performance. Visual acuity (how well your child can see letters on a wall chart) is just one aspect of good vision, and it's not even the most important one.
Other important visual skills needed for learning include:

• Eye movement skills – Smooth and accurate eye movement across a printed page.
• Eye focusing abilities - How well they can change focus from far to near and back again (for copying information from the board, for example).
• Eye teaming skills - How well your child's eyes work together (to converge their eyes for reading.)
• Binocular vision skills - Your child's eyes and brain can blend visual images from both eyes into a single, three-dimensional image.
• Visual perceptual skills - How well your child can identify and understand what they see and associate it with visual information stored in their brain.
• Visual-motor integration - The quality of your child's eye-hand coordination, which is important not only for sports, but also for legible handwriting and the ability to efficiently copy written information from a book or chalkboard.

Many kids have undetected learning-related vision problems, according to the College of Optometrists in Vision Development (COVD). One study indicates 13% of children between the ages of 9 and 13 suffer from moderate to severe convergence insufficiency (an eye teaming problem that can affect reading performance) It also estimates that as many as one in four school-age children may have at least one learning-related vision problem.
Signs and symptoms of learning-related vision problems There are many signs and symptoms of learning-related vision disorders, including:

• Blurred distance or near vision, particularly after reading or other close work
• Frequent headaches or eye strain
• Difficulty changing focus from distance to near and back
• Double vision, especially during or after reading
• Avoidance of reading
• Easily distracted when reading
• Poor reading comprehension
• Loss of place, repetition, and/or omission of words while reading
• Letter and word reversals
• Poor handwriting
• Hyperactivity or impulsiveness in the classroom
• Poor overall school performance

A comprehensive children's vision exam includes tests performed in a routine eye exam, plus additional tests to detect learning-related vision problems. These extra tests may include an assessment of eye focusing, eye teaming, and eye movement abilities (also called accommodation, binocular vision, and ocular motility testing).